Wake Technical Community Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay Write a summary of your essay paper. Consider what mental health concept is being discussed s

Wake Technical Community Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay Write a summary of your essay paper. Consider what mental health concept is being discussed such as a disorder or positive health pursuit that you can connect with treatments or diagnostic information you read about in chapters 14 and 15. Read some others from your fellow students and have some discussion about common areas regarding types of treatment, differences especially related to research. Sarah Grison • Todd Heatherton • Michael Gazzaniga
Psychology in
Your Life
SECOND EDITION
Chapter 14
Psychological Disorders
1
© 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
14.1 What Is a Psychological
Disorder? (1)
• Psychopathology
– Sickness or disorder of the mind
2
14.1 What Is a Psychological
Disorder? (2)
3
Disorders Interfere With Our Lives (1)
• Drawing the line between “normal”
emotions, thoughts, and behaviors and a
psychological disorder can be difficult
– When a psychological problem disrupts a
person’s life and causes significant distress
over a long period, the problem is considered
a disorder
4
Disorders Interfere With Our Lives (2)
5
Disorders Interfere With Our Lives (3)
• Whether something is psychopathology, it
is important to consider four criteria
1. Does it deviate from cultural norms for what is
acceptable?
2. Is it maladaptive?
3. Is it self-destructive?
4. Does it cause discomfort and concern to others?
6
Disorders Interfere With Our Lives (4)
7
Disorders Interfere With Our Lives (5)
• To fully understand any disorder,
psychologists need to investigate it from
four perspectives
1. Identify the etiology: Factors that contribute to
the development of a disorder
2. Assess the symptoms
3. Group symptoms into meaningful categories to
make a diagnosis
4. Identify possible treatments
8
There Are Several Causes of
Disorders (1)
• Diathesis-stress model
– Proposes that a disorder may develop when
an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a
precipitating event
• According to this model, the onset of mental
disorders occurs due to both vulnerability for the
disorder and the presence of stressful events
9
There Are Several Causes of
Disorders (2)
10
There Are Several Causes of
Disorders (3)
• Biopsychosocial approach
– States that most psychological disorders are
influenced by biological, psychological, and
sociocultural factors
• The biological aspect of this approach focuses on
how physiological factors, such as brain function,
neurotransmitter imbalances, and genetics,
contribute to psychological disorders
11
There Are Several Causes of
Disorders (4)
– The psychological aspect of the approach
states that thoughts, emotions, personality,
and learned experiences all influence the
development of psychological disorders
– Sociocultural factors include family
relationships, socioeconomic status, and the
cultural context
12
There Are Several Causes of
Disorders (5)
13
Disordered Thoughts and Behavior Can
Be Assessed and Categorized (1)
• Assessment of a person’s mental
functions and actions allows psychologists
– To categorize the individual’s thoughts,
emotions, and behaviors in order to make a
diagnosis so that appropriate treatment can
be provided
– To understand the course of the condition and
its probable outcome, or prognosis
14
Disordered Thoughts and Behavior Can
Be Assessed and Categorized (2)
15
Disordered Thoughts and Behavior Can
Be Assessed and Categorized (3)
• Assessment of symptoms
– The first step in an assessment is often to
conduct an interview
– People’s self-reports can reveal a great deal
– A psychological assessor can also gain
information through observations of the
client’s behavior
– Another source of information regarding
psychopathology is psychological testing
16
Disordered Thoughts and Behavior Can
Be Assessed and Categorized (4)
17
Disordered Thoughts and Behavior Can
Be Assessed and Categorized (5)
• Categorizing disordered thoughts and behavior
– In ancient time madness was believed to be caused
by the gods, witches, or some sort of evil spirits
– The idea of categorizing mental disorders
systematically was not officially adopted until 1952,
when the American Psychiatric Association published
the first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
18
Disordered Thoughts and Behavior Can
Be Assessed and Categorized (6)
19
Disordered Thoughts and Behavior Can
Be Assessed and Categorized (7)
– In the current edition of the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual, DSM-5 (released in 2013),
disorders are described in terms of
observable symptoms
• A person must meet specific criteria to receive a
particular diagnosis
20
Disordered Thoughts and Behavior Can
Be Assessed and Categorized (8)
– The DSM-5 consists of three sections
1. An introduction with instructions for using the
manual
2. Diagnostic criteria for all of the disorders, which
are grouped so that similar disorders are located
near each other
3. A guide for future psychopathology research that
describes conditions not yet officially recognized
as disorders
21
Disordered Thoughts and Behavior Can
Be Assessed and Categorized (9)
– The dimensional approach considers mental
disorders along a continuum on which people
vary in degree rather than in kind
22
Disordered Thoughts and Behavior Can
Be Assessed and Categorized (10)
23
Disordered Thoughts and Behavior Can
Be Assessed and Categorized (11)
• Categorizing disordered thoughts and behavior
– Many mental disorders may occur together
(comorbidity) even though the DSM-5 treats them as
separate disorders—for example, depression and
anxiety, or depression and substance abuse. This
state is known as comorbidity
– DSM-5 describes 19 major categories of disorder,
each of which has several variations or types
24
Disordered Thoughts and Behavior Can
Be Assessed and Categorized (12)
25
Disordered Thoughts and Behavior Can
Be Assessed and Categorized (13)
26
14.2 How Do People Experience
Disorders of Emotion?
• Anxiety disorders are characterized by
excessive anxiety in the absence of true
danger
– People who experience anxiety disorders feel
anxious, tense, and worried about the future
• By continually arousing the autonomic nervous
system, chronic anxiety also causes bodily
symptoms such as sweating, dry mouth, rapid
pulse, shallow breathing, and increased muscular
tension
27
Anxiety Disorders Make People
Fearful and Tense (1)
28
Anxiety Disorders Make People
Fearful and Tense (2)
29
Anxiety Disorders Make People
Fearful and Tense (3)
• Symptoms of two types of phobias
– Phobia: Fear of a specific object or situation
that is out of proportion with an actual threat
• Specific phobias, which affect about 1 in 8 people,
involve particular objects and situations
• Social anxiety disorder, also called social phobia,
is a fear of being negatively evaluated by others;
around 1 in 14 people experience social phobia
30
Anxiety Disorders Make People
Fearful and Tense (4)
31
Anxiety Disorders Make People
Fearful and Tense (5)
• Symptoms of generalized anxiety
disorder
– A diffuse state of constant anxiety not
associated with any specific object or event
• People with this disorder are constantly anxious
and worry incessantly about even minor matters
32
Anxiety Disorders Make People
Fearful and Tense (6)
• Symptoms of panic disorder
– Panic disorder: An anxiety disorder that
consists of sudden, overwhelming attacks of
terror
• Panic attacks typically last for several minutes,
during which the person may begin to sweat and
tremble; feel the heart racing; feel shortness of
breath and chest pain; and feel dizzy and
lightheaded, with numbness and tingling in the
hands and feet
33
Anxiety Disorders Make People
Fearful and Tense (7)
• Symptoms of agoraphobia
– An anxiety disorder marked by fear of being in
situations from which escape may be difficult
or impossible
• People who experience agoraphobia avoid going
into open spaces or to places that might have
crowds
34
Anxiety Disorders Make People
Fearful and Tense (8)
• Development of anxiety disorders
– Although people are anxious about different
things, the etiology of various types of anxiety
is best explained using a biopsychosocial
approach
– We also know that many fears are learned
35
Unwanted Thoughts Create Fear in
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (1)
• Symptoms of obsessive-compulsive
disorder (OCD)
– A disorder characterized by frequent intrusive
thoughts that create anxiety and compulsive
actions that temporarily reduce the anxiety
• Affecting 1 percent to 2 percent of the population,
OCD is more common in women than men and
generally begins in early adulthood
36
Unwanted Thoughts Create Fear in
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (2)
– Obsessions are recurrent, intrusive, and
unwanted thoughts, urges, or mental images
• They often include intense worry and fears of
contamination, of accidents, or of one’s own
aggression
– Compulsions are particular acts that the
person feels driven to perform over and over
again
• The most common compulsive behaviors are
cleaning, checking, and counting
37
Unwanted Thoughts Create Fear in
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (3)
• Development of obsessive-compulsive disorder
– OCD is another example of how the biopsychosocial
approach explains the causes of some mental
disorders
• There is also good evidence that the etiology of OCD is in
part biological— specifically, genetic—in nature
• Brain imaging has also provided some evidence regarding
which brain systems are involved in OCD
38
Unwanted Thoughts Create Fear in
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (4)
39
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Results From Trauma
• Trauma and stressor-related disorders
– Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A mental
disorder that involves frequent nightmares, intrusive
thoughts, and flashbacks related to an earlier trauma
• Around 7 percent of the population will experience PTSD at
some point, and women are more likely to develop the
disorder
• Adjustment disorder
– People have difficulty adjusting to the stressors
40
Depressive Disorders Are Common (1)
• Depressive disorders are a type of mood
disorder featuring persistent and pervasive
feelings of sadness
41
Depressive Disorders Are Common (2)
42
Depressive Disorders Are Common (3)
• Symptoms of depressive disorders
– Major depressive disorder: Mood disorder,
characterized by extremely depressed moods
or a lack of interest in normally pleasurable
activities, that persists for 2weeks or more
• Major depressive disorder affects about 6 percent
to 7 percent of Americans in any given year, and
approximately 16 percent of Americans will
experience major depression at some point in their
lives
43
Depressive Disorders Are Common (4)
– Persistent depressive disorder: Mood
disorder, characterized by mildly or
moderately depressed moods, that persists
for at least 2 years
• People with persistent depressive disorder—
approximately 2 percent to 3 percent of the
population—may have many of the same
symptoms as those with major depression, but the
symptoms are less intense
44
Depressive Disorders Are Common (5)
45
Depressive Disorders Are Common (6)
• Development of depressive disorders:
Biological factors
– Biopsychosocial factors play a role in the
etiology of depression
• Studies of twins, of families, and of adoptive
children support the notion that depression has a
genetic component
• Studies of brain function have suggested that
certain neural structures may be involved in mood
disorders
46
Depressive Disorders Are Common (7)
– Relationships contribute to the development
of depression and alter people’s experiences
when depressed
– Aaron Beck has hypothesized that a
psychological factor associated with
depression is how people think of themselves
47
Depressive Disorders Are Common (8)
– From Beck’s perspective, people likely to
develop depression blame misfortunes on
personal defects and see positive
occurrences as the result of luck
• Cognitive triad
– A second cognitive theory of depression is
based on learned helplessness
• People come to see themselves as unable to have
any effect on events in their lives
48
Depressive Disorders Are Common (9)
49
Depressive Disorders Are Common (10)
• Development of depressive disorders:
Culture and gender
– Across multiple countries and contexts, twice
as many women as men are diagnosed with
depression
• One theory is that women respond to stressful
events by internalizing their feelings, which leads
to depression and anxiety, whereas men
externalize their feelings with alcohol, drugs, and
violence
50
Bipolar Disorders Involve Mania (1)
• Symptoms of bipolar disorder
– Bipolar I disorder: Mood disorder
characterized by extremely elevated moods
during manic episodes
– Bipolar II disorder: Mood disorder
characterized by alternating periods of
extremely depressed and mildly elevated
moods
51
Bipolar Disorders Involve Mania (2)
52
Bipolar Disorders Involve Mania (3)
• A case study of bipolar disorder
– Psychology professor Kay Redfield Jamison
acknowledged her own struggles with bipolar disorder
in her award-winning memoir An Unquiet Mind
– Major artists and writers who may have had bipolar
disorders
•
•
•
•
Michelangelo
Vincent van Gogh
Georgia O’Keeffe
Ernest Hemingway
53
Bipolar Disorders Involve Mania (4)
• Development of bipolar disorder
– Bipolar disorders are much less common than
depression
• Around 3 percent to 4 percent of the population
will experience a bipolar disorder in their lifetimes
– Bipolar disorders are equally prevalent in
women and men
– Bipolar disorders emerge most commonly
during late adolescence or early adulthood
54
Bipolar Disorders Involve Mania (5)
– There is a very strong genetic component to
bipolar disorders
• Genetic research also suggests, however, that the
hereditary nature of bipolar disorders is complex
and not linked to only one gene
55
14.3 How Do People Experience
Disorders of Thought?
• Schizophrenia
– A psychological disorder characterized by a
split between thought and emotion where a
person has difficulty distinguishing whether
altered thoughts, perceptions, and conscious
experiences are real versus what are
imagined
• Less than 1 percent of the population has
schizophrenia
• The rates for men and women are similar
56
Schizophrenia Is a Psychotic
Disorder (1)
• Schizophrenia is characterized by a combination of
motor, cognitive, behavioral, and perceptual
abnormalities
• These abnormalities result in impaired social,
personal, or vocational functioning or in some
combination of these impairments
• Continuous signs of disturbances for at least 6
months
57
Schizophrenia Is a Psychotic
Disorder (2)
• Schizophrenia
– There are five major DSM-5 symptoms for
schizophrenia
1. Delusions
2. Hallucinations
3. Disorganized speech
4. Disorganized behavior
5. Negative symptoms
58
Schizophrenia Is a Psychotic
Disorder (3)
– A diagnosis of schizophrenia requires a
person to show two or more of these
symptoms, including at least one of the first
three symptoms listed
59
Schizophrenia Is a Psychotic
Disorder (4)
– Positive symptoms: Symptoms of
schizophrenia that are marked by excesses in
functioning, such as delusions, hallucinations,
and disorganized speech or behavior
– Negative symptoms: Symptoms of
schizophrenia that are marked by deficits in
functioning, such as apathy, lack of emotion,
and slowed speech and movement
60
Schizophrenia Is a Psychotic
Disorder (5)
• Delusions
– False beliefs based on incorrect inferences
about reality
61
Schizophrenia Is a Psychotic
Disorder (6)
62
Schizophrenia Is a Psychotic
Disorder (7)
63
Schizophrenia Is a Psychotic
Disorder (8)
• Hallucinations
– False sensory perceptions that are
experienced without an external source
• Hallucinations are frequently auditory but can also
be visual, olfactory, or bodily
64
Schizophrenia Is a Psychotic
Disorder (9)
• Disorganized speech
– Speaking in an incoherent way that involves
frequently changing topics and saying strange
or inappropriate things
• Loosening of associations
• Clang associations
65
Schizophrenia Is a Psychotic
Disorder (10)
• Disorganized behavior
– Acting in strange or unusual ways, including
strange movement of limbs and inappropriate
self-care, such as failing to dress properly or
bathe
66
Schizophrenia Is a Psychotic
Disorder (11)
• Negative symptoms
– People with schizophrenia often avoid eye contact
and seem apathetic
– They do not express emotion
– Their speech is slowed
– They use a monotonous tone of voice
– They take long pauses before answering
– They fail to respond to a question or are unable to
complete their sentences
– Negative symptoms are more common in men
67
Schizophrenia Is a Psychotic
Disorder (12)
• Development of schizophrenia: Biological
factors
– The etiology of schizophrenia is not well
understood
• Schizophrenia runs in families, and genetics
clearly plays a role in the development of the
disorder
– Twin studies
• Schizophrenia is primarily a brain disorder
68
Schizophrenia Is a Psychotic
Disorder (13)
• One possibility is that schizophrenia results from
an abnormality in neurotransmitters
• Schizophrenia is most often diagnosed when
people are in their 20s or 30s
69
Schizophrenia Is a Psychotic
Disorder (14)
70
Schizophrenia Is a Psychotic
Disorder (15)
71
Schizophrenia Is a Psychotic
Disorder (16)
• Development of schizophrenia:
Environmental factors
– For people who are genetically at risk for
schizophrenia, environmental stress seems to
contribute to its development
• Diathesis-stress model
• Researchers have also theorized that the
increased stress of urban environments can trigger
the onset of the disorder
72
Schizophrenia Is a Psychotic
Disorder (17)
73
14.4 How Do People Experience
Disorders of Self?
• Some people’s identities cause them to
interact with the world in maladaptive and
inflexible ways
– When this style of interaction is long-lasting
and causes problems in work and social
situations, it becomes a personality disorder
74
Personality Disorders Are Maladaptive
Ways of Relating to the World (1)
• The DSM-5 divides personality disorders
into three groups
1. Cluster A (characterized by odd or eccentric
behavior), paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal
2. Cluster B (characterized by dramatic,
emotional, or erratic behaviors), antisocial,
borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic
3. Cluster C (characterized by anxious or
fearful behavior), avoidant, dependent, and
obsessive-compulsive
75
Personality Disorders Are Maladaptive
Ways of Relating to the World (2)
76
Personality Disorders Are Maladaptive
Ways of Relating to the World (3)
• Symptoms and development of borderline
personality disorder
– A personality disorder characterized by disturbances
in identity, in moods, and in impulse control
• 1 percent to 2 percent of adults meet the criteria for
borderline personality disorder
• Borderline personality disorder may have an environmental
component because of the strong relationship that exists
between the disorder and trauma or abuse
77
Personality Disorders Are Maladaptive
Ways of Relating to the World (4)
• Symptoms and development of antisocial
personality disorder (APD)
– A personality disorder marked by disregard for
and violation of the rights of others and by
lack of remorse
• Psychopaths: Ironically, people with psychopathic
traits are often seen as charming and intelligent
78
Personality Disorders Are Maladaptive
Ways of Relating to the World (5)
• In the United States, about 1 percent to 4 percent
of the population has APD
• Various physiological abnormalities may play a role
in the disorder
79
Dissociative Disorders Involve
Disruptions in One’s Sense of Self (1)
• Dissociative disorders involve disruptions
of
– Identity
– Memory
– Conscious awareness
80
Dissociative Disorders Involve
Disruptions in One’s Sense of Self (2)
• Symptoms and development of
dissociative amnesia
– Mental disorder that involves disruptions of
memory for personal facts or loss of
conscious awareness for a period…
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