Public Administration Simple Observation Research Write a conclusion for the following document, based on the included information, in at least 200 words.

Public Administration Simple Observation Research Write a conclusion for the following document, based on the included information, in at least 200 words. Running head: STEM-AND-LEAF DISPLAYS
Stem-and-Leaf Displays
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STEM-AND-LEAF DISPLAYS
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Stem-and-Leaf Displays
Researchers look for information regarding a specific subject to answer a specific
question. When it comes to the manner in which the researcher displays the data that has been
collected, there are several options. Which option is chosen will depend on the type of research
and the correlating information that has been performed. When the question being posed is
trying to find results that can be counted, measured, or put in a statistical format, using a
quantitative approach works best. Falling inside the quantitative approach are Stem and Leaf
Displays. A “Stem-and-Leaf Display presents actual data values that can be inspected directly,
without the use of enclosed bars or asterisks as the representation medium” (Cooper & Schindler,
2014, p.410). When constructing a Stem-and-Leaf Display, the researcher will find the values in
the collected data and place them in the appropriate location on the display, while the
information for the inner fences will be found by performing calculations of the research data.
Main Body
The stem-and-leaf display is a technique that is closely related to the histogram. It shares
some of the histogram’s features but offers several unique advantages. It is easy to construct by
hand for small samples or may be produced by computer programs. In contrast to histograms,
which lose information by grouping data values into intervals, the stem-and-leaf presents actual
data values that can be inspected directly, without the use of enclosed bars or asterisks as the
representation medium. This feature reveals the distribution of values within the
interval and preserves their rank order for finding the median, quartiles, and other summary
statistics. It also eases linking a specific observation back to the data file and to the subject that
produced it.
STEM-AND-LEAF DISPLAYS
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Visualization is the second advantage of stem-and-leaf displays. The range of values is
apparent at a glance, and both shape and spread impressions are immediate. Patterns in the
data—such as gaps where no values exist, areas where values are clustered, or outlying values
that differ from the main body of the data—are easily observed.
To develop a stem-and-leaf display for the data, the first digits of each data item are
arranged to the left of a vertical line. Next, we pass through the average annual purchases
percentages in the order they were recorded and place the last digit for each item (the unit
position, 1.0) to the right of the vertical line. Note that the digit to the right of the decimal point
is ignored. The last digit for each item is placed on the horizontal row corresponding to its first
digit(s). Each line or row in this display is referred to as a stem, and each piece of information on
the stem is called a leaf.
The first line or row is:
5|455666788889
The meaning attached to this line or row is that there are 12 items in the data set whose first digit
is five: 54, 55, 55, 56, 56, 56, 57, 58, 58, 58, 58, and 59.
Identifying the Inner Fences
When displaying data, it is important for researchers to identify values in the data set that
are substantially different from the majority of the data. These values are known as outliers, and
they typically reside outside of the fences of a data set. Fences are determined by the
interquartile range (IQR) and its hinges. The IQR is the difference between the first and third
quartiles which mark the median of the bottom and upper halves of the data. The outer edges of
STEM-AND-LEAF DISPLAYS
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the IQR are the hinges. The data shown in our stem-and-leaf display contains 48 values ranging
from 54 to 218 with a median of 74. The median of the lower half is 60, giving us our lower
quartile hinge, and the median of the upper half is 110, giving us our upper quartile hinge. The
difference between the two quartiles is 50, giving us our IQR (see Exhibit 1-2).
The lower inner fence is calculated by taking the lower quartile hinge and subtracting 1.5
times the IQR: 60-(50×1.5)=-15. The upper inner fence is calculated by adding the upper
quartile to 1.5 times the IQR: 110+(50×1.5)=185. Values that reside outside of the inner fences
of -15 and 185 are considered our outliers. Referring back to the stem-and-leaf display, the only
values that reside outside of the inner fences are 206 and 218.
Exhibit 1-2
Conclusion
Begin here
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References
Cooper, D., & Schindler, P. (2014). Business Research Methods (12th ed.). Retrieved from
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/1259731774/cfi/6/28!/4/24/2/2@0:1.77.

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